If you have a negative attitude toward something, but you behave like you enjoy it, this causes dissonance. When the do not, they experience unpleasant mental tension or dissonance answer choices attribution theory cognitive dissonance theory reciprocity theory compliance theory Question 3 45 seconds Q. As a rule, cognitive dissonance theory predicts that attitudes and behaviors will remain in synchrony. Selena is trying to get her boyfriend to wash the dishes for her. Prejudice, s Stereotypes are defined as particular beliefs or assumptions about a human being based on their association with a group (Spielman, 2014, p.225). trailer A theory of cognitive dissonance. The girl, after this listened quietly, accepting and agreeing to everything the S told her. Prev page|Page top|Chapter Contents|Next page He also gives each taster a coupon worth $1 off his or her grocery bill. Participants who agreed to do this were paid either $1 or $20. Procedure In this experiment, 71 male participants were given a series of nonsensical and boring tasks. Hoffer pointed out that, after the Nazis had started persecuting the Jews, it became easier for the average German citizen to hate the Jews. The participants who convinced themselves that the task really was fun were the ones . Cognitive dissonance theory implies that if you demand respect, you will get it. According to research in interpersonal attraction, the most likely explanation for them to "find" each other is______. In teacher Jane Elliot's classic study, the most startling finding was that the______. Putting these 11 in exception, the 60 remaining responses are the following: One of the questions that Festinger and Carlsmith were aiming to answer is how enjoyable were the tasks for the participants. Changes in attitude toward a specific, context-dependent topic, such as enjoyment of the mundane task in the experiment described above (Festinger & Carlsmith, 1959) Information seeking following a change in usual behavior (Engel, 1963) Studies have found the degree of conformity to be greater in_______ cultures. Doing so, they started to identify with the arguments and accept them as their own. Jeff is assuming a, Cheryl got a bad grade on her test, which she attributes to the fact that she had to work overtime throughout the week and so could not study as much as usual. Let us think of the sum of all the dissonances involving some particular cognition as "D" and the sum of all the consonances as "C." Then we might [p. 204] think of the total magnitude of dissonance as being a function of "D" divided by "D" plus "C.". The Control condition gives us, essentially, the reactions of Ss to the tasks and their opinions about the experiment as falsely explained to them, without the experimental introduction of dissonance. Imagine you are a participant in a famous experiment staged by the creative Festinger and his student J. Merrill Carlsmith (1959). Festinger & Carlsmith Cognitive dissonance consequences of forced Procedure - Festinger and Carlsmith Study 0000011828 00000 n Underline the correct form of the modifier in parentheses in each sentence. A bank loan officer thinks people who speak with an accent are lazy; consequently, he refuses to grant them loans. in the experiment we varied the amount of reward used to force persons to make a statement contrary to their private views. "Cognitive consequences of forced compliance". 3. Christopher D. Green This is a direct result of Cognitive Dissonance. Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. He was told to use one hand and to work at his own speed. /E 95019 Subjects paid $1 were enthusiastic about their lies, and were successful in convincing others that the experiment's activities were interesting. Patrick has a strong_____. You must have JavaScript enabled to use this form. in order to reduce dissonance. Ben Franklin gave some peculiar advice that makes sense in the context of cognitive dissonance theory. For Jerry, going to the dog races a lot represents the___________component of an attitude. (p.47) But nevertheless, the possibility exists that the Ss n the One Dollar condition may have improvised more. (p.3). Her parents attribute this to Elizabeth's laziness. The results from this question are shown in the last row of Table 1. Jane used ______ when receiving the officer's message. Three Ss (one in the One Dollar and two in the Twenty Dollar condition) refused to take the money and refused to be hired. Social Psychology (Chapter 4) Flashcards | Quizlet Copyright 2007-2018 Russ Dewey This is further explained in Leon Festinger and James Carlsmith's study in 1954. In each group, the confederates wore identical glasses, with the participant/subject wearing a different set of glasses. The Ss were told it was necessary for the experiment. << In addition to these 5 exceptions, another 2 of the paid participants told the girl the truth that the tasks she will be performing are boring and uninteresting, and that they were just being paid to say otherwise. During the first week of the course, when the requirement of serving in experiments was announced and explained to the students, the instructor also told them about a study that psychology department was conducting. In short, when an S was induced, by offer of reward, to say something contrary to his private opinion, this private opinion tended to change so as to correspond more closely with what he had said. . Half of the You don't need our permission to copy the article; just include a link/reference back to this page. These Ss were treated identically in all respects to the Ss in the experimental conditions, except that they were never asked to, and never did, tell the waiting girl that the experimental tasks were enjoyable and lots of fun. oldfinal.rtf - Psychological Sciences }. The five ratings were: 1. conformed to the group answer about one-third of the time. Psychology Chapter 12 Flashcards - Cram.com %%EOF According to the social psychologist, the social comparison theory is the idea that there is a drive within individuals to search for outside images in order to evaluate their own opinions and abilities. What is the term for the process of developing an opinion about another person? John was late to class, and his friend Eddie assumes that John simply doesn't care about being on time. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-211. endstream endobj 81 0 obj <>>>/Metadata 53 0 R/OCProperties<>/OCGs[92 0 R]>>/Pages 73 0 R/StructTreeRoot 70 0 R/Type/Catalog/ViewerPreferences<>>> endobj 82 0 obj <>/Font<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text]>>/Rotate 0/TrimBox[0.0 0.0 504.0 720.0]/Type/Page>> endobj 83 0 obj <>stream (Goleman, 1991) Jerry goes to a lot of dog races because he enjoys them and loves to see the dogs run. Among the paid participants, 5 had suspicions about getting paid for the designated task. The dissonance could, consequently, be reduced by magnifying the importance of this cognition. These are: 1. The results are weakly in line with what one would expect if the dissonance were somewhat reduced in this manner. bystander effect and diffusion of responsibly. More surprisingly, if you change a person's behavior, attitudes change to match the behavior. enjoyable than the others would. In this experiment, 71 male participants were given a series of nonsensical and boring tasks. For example, one way would be for the S to magnify for himself the value of the reward he obtained. They will decide they wanted to do it anyway, or that maybe it was a good idea, in retrospect. They were instructed to put spools onto and off the try with only one hand for half an hour, and then turn 48 square pegs clockwise for the next half hour. In other words, a contradiction (dissonance) between attitude and behavior is uncomfortable, so it motivates a person to change behavior or attitudes (whichever is easier to change) to eliminate the contradiction. that the participants who were paid $20 would experience less /Prev 679084 <>stream Michigan Academician, 1, 3-12. If you change your attitudes, then presumably your behavior will change. One other point before we proceed to examine the data. The presence of others is especially important in influencing helping behavior when a situation is, Once someone has taken responsibility to help, the next step in the decision-making process is. Their prediction provedcorrect. Sandy loves to play pool and has become quite good at the game. It is clear from examining the table that, in all cases, the Twenty Dollar condition is slightly higher The differences are small, however, and only on the rating of "amount of time" does the difference between the two conditions even approach significance. Take it with you wherever you go. The larger the pressure used to elicit the [p. 210] overt behavior (beyond the minimum needed to elicit it) the weaker will be the above-mentioned tendency. Every individual has his or her own way of evaluating their own selves and usually this is done by comparing themselves to others. The three faces of racism | Berit Brogaard and Dimitria Gatzia This is most like which of the following techniques? Cries for help, shouting, and loud noises all help with which step in the decision process for helping? Kelman (1953), in the previously mentioned study, in attempting to explain the unexpected finding that the persons who complied in the moderate reward condition changed their opinion more than in the high reward condition, also proposed the same kind of explanation. The reliabilities of these ratings, that is, the correlations between the two independent raters, ranged from .61 to .88, with an average reliability of .71. 0000013918 00000 n Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 55, 72-75. Social Researcher. /Info 46 0 R c5; Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) Term 1 / 8 aim Click the card to flip Definition 1 / 8 show that a person's private opinion will change to reduce dissonance when it conflicts with what they are forced to do Click the card to flip Flashcards Learn Test Match Created by UorFawzi Terms in this set (8) aim The amount of money paid the subject was varied. An unpleasant psychological state often aroused when people hold two conflicting cognition. _______ occurs when people begin to think that it is more important to maintain a group's cohesiveness than to objectively consider the facts. Add to folder The more you see someone, the more likely you are to _____ that person. 0000000848 00000 n Discourage questions and alternate solutions. Participants in the $1 condition experience greater discomfort and agitation when lying about how fun the task was than do participants in the $20 condition. Cram has partnered with the National Tutoring Association, Conformity In The Stanford Prison Experiment, Stereotypes: The Role Of Discrimination In Social Groups, Summary Of Stereotypes That Affect Social Interaction. Journal of Abnormal and Social Psychology, 58, 203-210. Which of the following is not one of the three things people do to reduce cognitive dissonance? >> Rating scale -5 to +5, Stanley Milgram : Obedience to Authority Experiments, Conformity under Social Pressure : Solomon Asch, Stephen Fry quotations and quotes on God and Religion, Stephen Fry's controversial interview on Irish TV, The Nature vs. Nurture debate or controversy, Stanley Milgram's experiments on Obedience to Authority, The Perils of Obedience, (Harper's Magazine article), by Stanley Milgram, Festinger and Carlsmith ~ Cognitive consequences of forced compliance, Albert Hastorf and Hadley Cantril ~ They Saw a Game: A Case Study, The Robbers Cave experiment. The area of the brain that is most involved in aggression is the ______. In the first experiment designed to test these theoretical ideas, Aronson and Mills (1959) had women undergo a severe or mild "initiation" to become a member of a group. 112 Cognitive Dissonance Experiment by Leon Festinger - Explorable 0000010660 00000 n A similar rating of the over-all content of what the S said. . Cognitive dissonance is when we experience conflicting thoughts, beliefs, or attitudes. PDF An Introduction to Cognitive Dissonance Theory and an Overview of stream From this point on they diverged somewhat. When opposites attract it is said that they have_____ characteristics. 60 0 obj 51 0 obj Leon Festinger introduced cognitive dissonance theory in a 1957 book, A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance. It implies that if you want to change attitudes, all you have to do is change behavior, and the attitudes will follow along. I'm sure you'll enjoy it." So, to avoid dissonance, the person likes you. After the debate, students expressed beliefs closer to their debate position than before (Scott, 1957). The interviewer, of course, was always kept in complete ignorance of which condition the S was in. Festinger and Carlsmith then investigated whether there's a standing evidence of cognitive dissonance where boring tasks were seen as enjoyable. Half the students were offered a $1 incentive for telling the next student about the experiment, and half were paid $20. The students will be interviewed after participating in the experiment and were encouraged to be completely honest in these interviews. Ben Franklin gave some peculiar advice that makes sense in the context of cognitive dissonance theory. The behavioral component of prejudice is______. AP Psych Exam - Social Psychology Quiz - Quizizz Festinger, L. & Carlsmith, J. M. (1959) Cognitive consequences of forced compliance. How are these 100 people likely to respond? The new edition of Cognitive Dissonance: Re-examining a Pivotal Theory in Psychology contains 12 chapters and three appendices. To start with, she asks her boyfriend to cook dinner for her. The said images can be a reference to physical reality or in comparison to other people. Festinger's theory said that when a person holds contradictory elements in cognition (producing an unpleasant state called dissonance) the person will work to bring the elements back into agreement or congruence. Only recently has there been any experimental work related to this question. Alex was most likely engaging in________. He must be a genius." Were the tasks interesting and enjoyable? How Much They Learned From the Experiment. Elizabeth's room is almost always a mess. About the Experiment - Leon Festinger's Cognitive Dissonance Theory He doesn't run over to help her because he assumes there is probably someone else in the crowd who is a doctor or nurse and who can provide better assistance. The S worked at this task for another half hour. If no factors other than his private opinion are considered it would follow, at least in our culture, that if he believes "X" he would publicly state "X." Find out how you can intelligently organize your Flashcards. endobj Nicole thinks of herself as an honest, trustworthy person. To which two processes do most social psychologists attribute the failure of Kitty Genovese's neighbors to help her? These made them question what the real purpose of the study is. This means you're free to copy, share and adapt any parts (or all) of the text in the article, as long as you give appropriate credit and provide a link/reference to this page. In the third element of social identity theory, people use _______ to improve their self-esteem. When members of a cult are trying to enlist a new recruit, they start by asking the recruit to make a small commitment, such as attending a short meeting or helping out at a social function. The difference between the One Dollar condition (+1.20) and the Control condition (-.62) is significant at the .08 level (t = 1.78). Eliot Aronson, himself a famous social psychologist and former student of Festinger, called this "the most important experiment in the history of social psychology" ("Social Researcher", 1984). A teacher decides against assigning group projects in which all groups members get the same grade. You should not put up with abuse, because people who treat you poorly will adopt negative beliefs about you, in order to be consistent with their behavior toward you. This is an example of, The fact that Kitty Genovese did not receive help was most likely due to. This is an example of_______ cause. The participants who were paid only $1 to perform the boring In evaluating the total magnitude of dissonance one must take account of both dissonances and consonances. The questions are as follows: As may be seen, the questions varied in how directly relevant they were to what the S had told the girl. This is an example of which rule of attraction? In the . Festinger's theory of cognitive dissonance has been one . 0000094931 00000 n In the study, undergraduate students of Introductory Psychology at Stanford University were asked to take part of a series of experiments. The second area is whether the experiment gave the participant an opportunity to discover their own skills, using the scale of 0 to 10. Control condition. What Is Cognitive Dissonance? Definition and Examples - Simply Psychology "Fight acts, not feelings," is the banner of anti-racist social scientists. Jane nonetheless takes what she learned seriously and begins to pay more attention to her safety. The opposite of Franklin's principle is described by Eric Hoffer, in The True Believer (1951). A. Nicole practiced diligently with her mom. Why are black people stopped by police more than white people? Cognitive dissonance is one form of social comparison. Festinger and Carlsmith argued that subjects who were paid onJy $1.00 to lie to another person experienced "cognitive dissonance." According to Festinger (1957), people experience cognitive dissonance when they simultaneously hold two thoughts that are psychologically inconsistent (i.e., thoughts that feel contradictory or incompatible in some . In this case, the One Dollar group should be motivated to believe that the experiment was enjoyable. During a class discussion, he hears the first of several speakers express negative attitudes toward spending tax money on prenatal care for the poor. Betty writes a letter to her senator asking for support of a law making corporations responsible for the pollution they cause. They were paid a lot of money to lie, and that explained why they lied. He called it the Sacrifice Trap: If we once start making sacrifices for anythinga family, a religion, or a nationwe find that we cannot admit to ourselves that the sacrifices have been in vain without a threat to our personal identity. Cognitive Dissonance: Theory, Examples & How to Reduce It This subtle dynamic makes cognitive dissonance a powerful tool for changing attitudes. Rating scale 0 to 10. Violent video games have been blamed for all but which of the following? Carlsmith performed an experiment regarding cognitive dissonance in The Social Comparison Theory was originally proposed by Leon Festinger in 1954. Therefore the person's attitude changes. Shawn and Tanya start talking after they've ridden on the dorm elevator several times together. York University, Toronto, Ontario. A person's conformity in a situation like the Asch line study is most likely to be strongest when________. In 1959, Festinger and his colleague James Carlsmith published an influential study showing that cognitive dissonance can affect behavior in unexpected ways. Through the lens of cognitive dissonance theory, however, the explanation was a bit different. Stereotypes are governed by the recency effect. Please upgrade to Cram Premium to create hundreds of folders! About Press Copyright Contact us Creators Advertise Developers Terms Privacy Policy & Safety How YouTube works Test new features NFL Sunday Ticket Press Copyright . The data from 11 of the 71 Ss in the experiment had to be discarded for the following reasons: 1. bringing diverse groups of people into contact with each other. The other fraction was given the option to take the place of the experimenter, which required them to give an interesting explanation to the next group. Festinger and Carlsmith's study now began to treat the 71 subjects in different ways such as to investigate the cognitive consequences of induced compliance to see whether there would be any evidence of Cognitive Dissonance, where the student concerned was psychologically di-stressed between his actual views and the role he found himself taking ] The participants were experiencing cognitive dissonance because they were being asked to tell other people that the tasks were fun and interesting when, in reality, they were tedious and boring. What term refers to helping behavior that is performed voluntarily for the benefit of another person, which no anticipation of reward? To achieve consonance, something has to give. Cognitive Dissonance and Festinger & Carlsmith's Study - Explorable When they arrived at the interviewer's office, the E asked the interviewer whether or not he wanted to talk to the S. The interviewer said yes, the E shook hands with the S, said good-bye, and left. Festinger explained it this way in A Theory of Cognitive Dissonance (1957): The existence of dissonance, being psychologically uncomfortable, will motivate the person to try to reduce the dissonance and achieve consonance. In the other two conditions, however, the Ss told someone that these tasks were interesting and enjoyab1e. This automatic assumption about the student's personality is an example of, The process of explaining one's own behavior and the behavior of other people is called. In this course, students are required to spend a certain number of hours as subjects (Ss) in experiments. One way in which the dissonance can be reduced is for the person to change his private opinion so as to bring it into correspondence with what he has said. Those who got $1 to perform a boring task said the task was more interesting than did those who got $2. The loan officer's belief is an example of_____. The difference between the One Dollar and Twenty Dollar conditions is significant at the .03 level (t = 2.22). Chris is showing, Carol is told by a police officer to move her car, and she does so. There remain, for analysis, 20 Ss in each of the thee conditions. The remaining subjects were asked to take the place of an experimenter, if they would want to. Relat., 1956, 9, 177-186. Boulding, K. E. (1969) The grants economy. No problem, save it as a course and come back to it later. exam 2 Flashcards | Chegg.com Ashley has practiced her drum routine over and over. He reasoned that if the person is induced to make an overt statement contrary to his private opinion by the offer of some reward, then the greater the reward offered, the greater should be the subsequent opinion change. /Size 61 The reason for doing it, theoretically, was to make it easier for anyone who wanted to persuade himself that the tasks had been, indeed, enjoyable. Two derivations from this theory are tested here. While it is true that the experiment took place in the 50s, the results are still being recognized up to this date. << According to the bystander effect, Leshan is more likely to get help if there is (are)______. Festinger and Carlsmith (1959) investigated if making people perform a dull task would create cognitive dissonance through forced compliance behavior. In these circumstances, the object of sacrifice becomes "sacred" and it is in a position to demand further sacrifices. Hence, one would expect the results on this question to be very similar to the results on "how enjoyable the tasks were" but weaker. Why this might have been the case is, of course, not immediately apparent. When her boyfriend refuses, she asks, "Well, will you at least wash the dishes then?" This question is less directly related to the dissonance that was experimentally created for the Ss.
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